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Paolo Veronese, The Feast in the House of Levi, 1573, oil on canvas, 5.56 x12.8m, Gallerie dell;Accademia, Venice
Paolo Veronese completed The Feast in the House of Levi under its original name Feast in House of Simon for SS. Giovanni e Paolo in 1573 and was called before the Tribunal of the Inquisition the same year. Veronese's depiction of the Last Supper was criticized by the Tribunal for its inclusion of German soldiers, fools, dogs, and a parrot. Veronese's defense was poetic licensing and the Tribunal concluded he would need to change the painting at his own expense. Rather than repaint his work, Veronese changed the title of his painting to The Feast in the House of Levi so it referred to a different feast Jesus attended rather than the Last Supper or the Feast in the House of Simon.
Europe and the European-controlled world have been in crisis. Wars, disease, climate changes, and shifts in religious and political power threw the European world into turmoil. People were looking for a scapegoat, and for many it was a time of magical thinking. So, maybe witches were responsible for all the problems? It was a popular idea, but, alas, the witches weren't responsible. turmoil. People were looking for a scapegoat, and for many it was a time of magical thinking. So, maybe witches were responsible for all the problems? It was a popular idea, but, alas, the witches weren't responsible.
Gustave Dore, Massacre of the Vaudois of Merindol, before 1886, public domain.
The Mérindol massacre took place in 1545, when Francis I of France ordered the Waldensians of the village of Mérindol to be punished for heresy. Provençal and papal soldiers killed hundreds or even thousands of Waldensian villagers. These soldiers took the villages of Mérindol and Cabrières and also devastated neighboring Waldensian villages. They captured survivors and sent hundreds of men to forced labor in the French galleys. In total, they destroyed between 22 and 28 villages.In the aftermath, Pope Paul III approved of the actions taken; the Pope rewarded Maynier with Imperial honors. When Henry II took the French throne, however, he promised to investigate the affair. The Parliament of Paris tried the leaders of the attacks but eventually acquitted all but one.
