Skip to Main Content
homepage homepage

APA Style: Missing a part of the citation

No Author

No Author

"A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot reasonably be determined.  In this case, move the title of the work to the author position (followed by a period), before the date of publication."  APA Style Manual p 289

No Date

No Date

"Sometimes the publication date of a work is unknown or cannot be determined. For works with no date, write "n.d." (which stands for "no date') in parentheses.  Put a period after the "n" and after the "d" with no space between the letters."  APA Style Manual p291.

No Title

No Title

"For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead."

"When possible, specify the medium in the description of the untitled work (e.g., a map) rather than including two bracketed descriptions. 

[Map showing the population density of the United States as of the year 2010].  APA Style Guide, p 292

 

No Source

No Source

"A reference without a recoverable source cannot be included in the reference list because readers cannot retrieve the work. In most cases, nonrecoverable sources such as  personal emails, classroom lectures, and intranet sources should be cited only in the text as personal communications."  APA Style Manual p300