APA Citation Style

APA format requires that resources be cited using the author-date system. This means that papers need to include a reference list and in-text citations that appear in the body of the paper. The in-text citation consists of the author and the year of publication. If there Is no year, use "n.d." in place of that information.

Below are some general guidelines for in-text citations:

• if a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text
• if a work has three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation unless doing so would create ambiguity

There are two ways to cite in the text, parenthetical and narrative. Below are guidelines:

• parenthetical citations include the author and date, separated by a comma, within parentheses
• in narrative citations the author's name appears in the text, and only the year appears in parentheses
• occasionally, both the year and author will appear in the text

Narrative in-text citations:

Kessler (2003) found that........

OR

In 2003, Kessler's study of........

Parenthetical in-text citations:

There were many plants that did not show this characteristic (Kessler, 2003).

Narrative in-text citations:

Salas and D'Agostino (2020) found that...

OR

In 2020, Salas and D'Agostino found...

Parenthetical in-text citations:

(Salas & D'Agostino, 2020)

Narrative in-text citations:

Martin et al. (2020) found that...

OR

In 2020, Martin et al. found...

Parenthetical in-text citations:

(Martin et al., 2020)